Excuse bahane
Making an excuse Bahane uydurmak
Give reason sebep sunmak
Statement ifade
Make a statement Bir açıklama yapın
Snapshot
Assignment (countable) = homework (uncountable)
Bounced back = got back geri döndü
Flat tire patlak lastik (tire: tekerlek, lastik)
Donate bağışlamak
Blood kan
Overslept uyuya kalmak, fazla uyumak
Survey anket
Lost track of the time Zamanın nasıl geçtiğini anlamadım.
holding up traffic trafiği aksatıyor (tutmak)
Perspective
at your request isteğiniz üzerine
Grammar – reported speech: requests
Reporting Statement News
Arrive on time for the meeting
Book style She said: “Arrive on time for the meeting.”
Reported with said She said to arrive on time for the meeting. (She said to me)
Reported with tell She told me to arrive on time for the meeting.
Reporting Question
Can you pick up some food on the way home?
She asked me to pick up some food.
Word Power – Collocations
| Eat an apple Read a book | Drive a car Ride a bike |
Invitation davet
Invite davet etmek
Conversation
| Polite / Formal | Friendly / Informal |
| How are you? How have you been? | How are you? How are things? How is it going? How is everything? How is it hanging? What have you been up to? |
Are you doing anything tomorrow?
Present Continuous Future (Planned, certain)
We are going to the movies tomorrow.
I won’t be able to make it. Gelemeyeceğim.
Grammar Reported speech
Direct Statement Reported Statement
Hangi zaman varsa daha geçmişe dönüştürüyoruz
I am not feeling well (Present Continuous – NOW)
She said that she wasn’t feeling well (Past continuous – before)
I have houseguests for the weekend. (present simple)
She said she had houseguests for the weekend. (past simple)
I made a tennis date with Kim. (past simple)
She said she had made a tennis date with Kim. (Past Perfect)
Past Perfect
Subject + had + V3 (past participle) + another past tense
Note: Past perfect CANNOT come alone. It needs another past tense.
I have planned an exciting trip. (present perfect)
She said she had planned an exciting trip. (past perfect)
We will be out of town. (future)
They told me they would be out of town.
We may go out of town.
They told me they might go out of town.
Reading
Day off izin günü
Employee çalışan
Employer = boss işveren
Cause (v) sebep olmak
Sick leave = day off because you are sick Hastalık izni
Survey anket
Health-related sağlıkla ilgili
Privacy mahremiyet, gizlilik
Household (adj) eve ai tolan, evsel
Example: household chores ev işleri
Slip yerde kaymak
Knee diz
Sympathize Sempati duymak, acımak
Arrangement ayarlama, program, düzen
Cover his work işini sahiplenmek, toparlamak
Delay gecikme, geciktirmek
Postpone ertelemek
Absence = opposite of presence olmama, yokluk
Due to = because of Dolayı, yüzünden
Whether = if olup olmadığını, eğer
Regardless (adv) ne olursa olsun, her şeye ragmen
regardless of reason sebep ne olursa olsun
notice dikkat, uyarı, ihbar
advance notice advance notice
Example: You must pay in advance Ödemeyi önceden yapmalısınız.
Summary = short version özet
Frequent = often sıklık
Frequently = often Sıklıkla
Colleague = coworker iş arkadaşı
Grammar: Unit 50 – Reported speech 1 (He said that …), Unit 39 – Requests, permission and offers
Vocabulary: Unit 32 – Excuses and reasons, Unit 65 – Apologies, excuses and thanks
Writing Topics:
- Is it ever okay to lie to protect someone’s feelings?
- Do social expectations force people to make excuses too often?
Speaking Prompts:
- Tell a story about a time you made or heard a funny excuse.
- How do you usually respond when you forget an appointment?
- Do you think people today are more polite or more direct than in the past?
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