Unit 7 – What Can We Do? (Environmental & Global Issues)

Waste (çöp, atık, ısraf) = trash = garbage

Generate = produce = make = create

Average  ortalama

Recycle (geri dönüşüm)= reuse

Consume = use = spend  tüketmek

Decompose = decay = dissolve  ayrıştırılmak, çürütmek

e-waste = electronic waste

landfill = an area to collect trash  çöplük

repairable  onarılabilir, tamir edilebilir

supply and demand  arz ve talep

Perspective

announcement = notice  duyuru

election = selection  seçim (politics)

vote  oy, oylamak, oy vermek

campaign  kampanya

contaminate = pollute = becoming dirty  kirletmek, bulaştırmak

due to = because of  dolayı, yüzünden

maintenance = care (for technical things)  Bakım

overbuilding  aşırı inşa

overweight (polite) = fat (rude)

underweight = thin

underdeveloped  not developed enough

low-income (polite) = poor (rude) = financially challenged (polite)

displace = remove  yerinden etmek, çıkarmak

lack of = not having something = being without  eksiklik

lack of funding = not having capital (money)  sermaye eksikliği

Grammar

Present Simple Active  Subject First

Subject + V1 + Object

Ahmet cleans the room every day.

Present Simple Passive  Object First

Object + am/is/are + V3

The room is cleaned.

Present Continuous Active  NOW

Subject + am/is/are + V(ing) + object

Omid is teaching the student.

Present Continuous Passive

Object + am/is/are + being + V3

The student is being taught (by Omid).

Is depleting  is being depleted

Our natural resources are being depleted through rapid urbanization.

Present Perfect Active  happened and we can see the effect now

Subject + have/has + V3 + Object

She has lost her passport.   We still cannot find it.

Present Perfect Passive

Object + have/has + been + V3

The passport has been lost.

Emission  emisyon

Rapid = fast = quick  Ani

Urbanization = becoming city  kentleşme

Urban = city  kentsel

Rural = countryside (village)  kırsal

Deplete = finish = exhaust = use up  tüketmek, bitirmek

natural resources  doğal kaynaklar

threaten = scare  tehdit etmek, korkutmak

livestock farm  hayvancılık çiftliği

accelerate = speed up = pick up speed  hızlanmak

F=ma  Force = Mass (N) x acceleration (m/t2)

extinct = destroy = finish  soyu tükenmiş, yok olmuş

extinction of animals  hayvanların neslinin tükenmesi

endangered animals (species) = about to be extinct  nesli tükenmekte olan hayvanlar / türler

wildlife  yaban hayatı, vahşi hayat

destruction of forests = deforestation  ormansızlaşma

marine life = life in the seas and oceans  deniz yaşamı

oil spills (leaking)  petrol sızıntıları

Past Simple Active

Subject + V2 + Object

Yesterday, he cleaned his room.

Past Simple Passive

Object + was/were + V3

The room was cleaned yesterday.

Dispose = get rid of = throw away  elden çıkarmak

Fairly = pretty = quite  oldukça

Employed = working = have a job

Unemployed (adj) = jobless  İşsiz

Between jobs

housewife

Stayed home mom

Unemployment (n)  işsizlik

Famine = shortage = scarcity  kıtlık

Drought (being dry) = dryness  kuraklık

Global warming (Küresel ısınma) – Climate change (İklim değişikliği)

Corruption = breakdown  yolsuzluk

Bribery = bribe  rüşvet

Infectious = contagious = a disease that can transmit to others  Bulaşıcı

Example: COVID, flu, influenza

Noninfectious diseases  cancer, headache, heart attack

political unrest = no political stability  siyasi huzursuzluk

poor (adj) = financially challenged = low-income

poverty (n) = poorness  yoksulluk

recession (nobody wants to buy or sell)  ekonomik durgunluk

inflation (prices keep going higher)  enflasyon

violence (n)  şiddet

violent (adj)  şiddetli, sert

Conversation

floating (things)  yüzer / swimming (people)

sinking (things)  batmak / drown  boğulmak

pumping  pompalama

publicity = reputation = presentation = promotion  şöhret, tanıtım

executive = manager = administrator = director  yönetici

prove (v) = verify = demonstrate  kanıtlamak

proof (n) = evidence = verification  kanıt

water sample  su örneği

Grammar

infinitive verb  mastar fiil

deforestation = destruction of forests  ormansızlaşma

shelter  barınak, sığınak

vocational = professional  mesleki

Example: Vocational education  mesleki eğitim

accountable = responsible  hesap verebilir, sorumlu

affordable = purchasable = fair price  ekonomik, alınabilir

housing = accommodation  konut

government = state  devlet

traffic jam  trafik sıkışıklığı

Passive Voice with Modals

Modals  will, need to, should, must…

Object + Modal (need, Must, should) + be + V3 (Past Participle)

More laws should be introduced.

Throwing trash into rivers must be banned / prohibited.

The law must be strict.

Stricter laws must be implemented.

TV programs should educate young people.  active

Young people should be educated.  Passive

More educational TV programs must be made.  Passive

Teachers should educate students.  Active

Students should be educated by teachers.  Passive

We should create more laws.  More laws should be created about traffic issues.

Reading

Invasion (n) = attack = occupy  istila, saldırı

Creature = living thing  yaratık, canlı

Invasive (adj)  istilacı

Destructive (adj)  yıkıcı

Particularly = especially  özellikle

Dramatically = very much = significantly  dramatik bir şekilde

Increase = rise = grow = climb  artırmak, artış

Decrease = reduce = fall = diminish  azaltmak, düşüş

St. = saint  aziz, evliya

Species (living things) = kind = type  tür, cins

Extensive = widespread = common  yaygın, geniş

Coral reefs  Mercan resifleri

Estimate = guess = anticipate  tahmin etmek

It is estimated (passive form) = it is anticipated  tahmin ediliyor

Endangered species  nesli tükenmekte olan türler

Reproduce = having babies = multiply = breed  çoğaltmak, üremek

Multiply  çarpmak (Math)

Trap  tuzak

Hunt (v)  avlamak

Prey (n)  av, kurban

poisonous sting  zehirli iğne

poison (n, v)  zehir, zehirlemek

unforgettable treat  unutulmaz bir ziyafet

growth (n) = growing  büyüme

make a living  geçimini sağlamak, hayatını kazanma

Speaking Topics (Voice Messages)

• What do you think is the biggest environmental problem today?
• What small actions can individuals take to help the environment?
• Do you believe governments should be more responsible for climate change?

Writing Topics (IELTS Style, Adapted)

• Some people think businesses should be responsible for reducing pollution. Do you agree or disagree?
• Describe an environmental problem in your country and suggest solutions.

 

Academic Vocab in Use:

• Unit 38: Presenting an Argument (beyond the scope of, furthermore)
  • Unit 44: Comparing & Contrasting (distinction, similarly)

Grammar (Grammar in Use – Intermediate)

• Unit 50: Passive in Present Continuous & Present Perfect

Unit 110: Infinitive Clauses for Purpose